epinephrine and norepinephrine), they can conveniently be assessed in saliva. Both parameters obtained particular interest in stress research as unlike more traditional blood-derived stress markers (e.g. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a novel biochemical index for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The main effector of the HPA axis is the so-called ‘stress’ hormone cortisol its concentration is measured and evaluated in order to have an index for HPA axis activation. endocrine and cardiovascular activation) processes to ensure the maintenance of the homeostasis of the organism that is challenged by the experience of stress. emotional processing) and physiological (e.g. Together, the HPA axis and the SNS orchestrate various psychological (e.g. The hypothalamus is closely intertwined with two major stress systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (= physiologic stress component, i.e. ‘I am in danger!’) via neuronal pathways to a central control system, the hypothalamus. ‘I can’t cope with the situation’), as well as by sub-cortical processes within the limbic system (= emotional stress component, e.g.
Accordingly, physiologic stress effects are regulated by top-down central nervous system processes (= cognitive stress component, e.g.
The experience of stress arises when an individual perceives the demands from the environment ‘…as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being'. Thus, the use of listening to music as an economic, non-invasive, and highly accepted intervention tool has received special interest in the management of stress and stress-related health issues. Music has been shown to beneficially affect stress-related physiological, as well as cognitive, and emotional processes. As a result, the development of cost effective stress prevention or stress management approaches has become an important endeavor of current research efforts. Prolonged experiences of stress are related to poor individual health and associated with substantial financial costs for the society.
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